برج خليفة أطول برج في العالم وأيقونة دبي المعمارية

Emaar Properties also engaged GHD, an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan. Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building. Khan’s contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.

Observation deck

At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014. However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world’s highest observation deck. A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.

• Hyder Consulting’s role was to supervise construction, certify the architect’s design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.

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• Emaar Properties also engaged GHD, an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.

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• It has also been the tallest building in the world since its topping out in 2009, surpassing Taipei 101, which had held the record for a half-decade.

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• A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.

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• The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.
• Outside the Burj Khalifa, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million).

EMAAR ENTERTAINMENT

The building is named after the Lucky Mister former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

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• According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.

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• A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.

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• It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.

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• It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014.

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• CTLGroup, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.
• The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago’s Lake Point Tower.

Architecture and design

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• Like the tower, the park’s design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant.

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• Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.

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• Three tower cranes were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.

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• The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel.

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• Burj Khalifa’s construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.
• When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower’s curved three-wing layout and thought, “There’s the prototype”.

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The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.

Observation Decks

The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago’s Lake Point Tower. When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower’s curved three-wing layout and thought, “There’s the prototype”. According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul.